Proof rules 

enum class cvc5 :: ProofRule : uint32_t 

An enumeration for proof rules. This enumeration is analogous to Kind for Node objects.

All proof rules are given as inference rules, presented in the following form:

\[\texttt{RULENAME}: \inferruleSC{\varphi_1 \dots \varphi_n \mid t_1 \dots t_m}{\psi}{if $C$}\]

where we call \(\varphi_i\) its premises or children, \(t_i\) its arguments, \(\psi\) its conclusion, and \(C\) its side condition. Alternatively, we can write the application of a proof rule as (RULENAME F1 ... Fn :args t1 ... tm) , omitting the conclusion (since it can be uniquely determined from premises and arguments). Note that premises are sometimes given as proofs, i.e., application of proof rules, instead of formulas. This abuses the notation to see proof rule applications and their conclusions interchangeably.

Conceptually, the following proof rules form a calculus whose target user is the Node-level theory solvers. This means that the rules below are designed to reason about, among other things, common operations on Node objects like Rewriter::rewrite or Node::substitute. It is intended to be translated or printed in other formats.

The following ProofRule values include core rules and those categorized by theory, including the theory of equality.

The “core rules” include two distinguished rules which have special status: (1) ASSUME , which represents an open leaf in a proof; and (2) SCOPE , which encloses a scope (a subproof) with a set of scoped assumptions. The core rules additionally correspond to generic operations that are done internally on nodes, e.g., calling Rewriter::rewrite.

Rules with prefix MACRO_ are those that can be defined in terms of other rules. These exist for convenience and can be replaced by their definition in post-processing.

Values:

enumerator ASSUME 

Assumption (a leaf)

\[\inferrule{- \mid F}{F}\]

This rule has special status, in that an application of assume is an open leaf in a proof that is not (yet) justified. An assume leaf is analogous to a free variable in a term, where we say “F is a free assumption in proof P” if it contains an application of F that is not bound by SCOPE (see below).

enumerator SCOPE 

Scope (a binder for assumptions)

\[\inferruleSC{F \mid F_1 \dots F_n}{(F_1 \land \dots \land F_n) \Rightarrow F}{if $F\neq\bot$} \textrm{ or } \inferruleSC{F \mid F_1 \dots F_n}{\neg (F_1 \land \dots \land F_n)}{if $F=\bot$}\]

This rule has a dual purpose with ASSUME . It is a way to close assumptions in a proof. We require that \(F_1 \dots F_n\) are free assumptions in P and say that \(F_1 \dots F_n\) are not free in (SCOPE P) . In other words, they are bound by this application. For example, the proof node: (SCOPE (ASSUME F) :args F) has the conclusion \(F \Rightarrow F\) and has no free assumptions. More generally, a proof with no free assumptions always concludes a valid formula.

enumerator SUBS 

Builtin theory – Substitution

\[\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid t, ids?}{t = t \circ \sigma_{ids}(F_n) \circ \cdots \circ \sigma_{ids}(F_1)}\]

where \(\sigma_{ids}(F_i)\) are substitutions, which notice are applied in reverse order. Notice that \(ids\) is a MethodId identifier, which determines how to convert the formulas \(F_1 \dots F_n\) into substitutions. It is an optional argument, where by default the premises are equalities of the form (= x y) and converted into substitutions \(x\mapsto y\) .

enumerator MACRO_REWRITE 

Builtin theory – Rewrite

\[\inferrule{- \mid t, idr}{t = \texttt{Rewriter}_{idr}(t)}\]

where \(idr\) is a MethodId identifier, which determines the kind of rewriter to apply, e.g. Rewriter::rewrite.

enumerator EVALUATE 

Builtin theory – Evaluate

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{t = \texttt{Evaluator::evaluate}(t)}\]

Note this is equivalent to: (REWRITE t MethodId::RW_EVALUATE) .

enumerator MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO 

Builtin theory – Substitution + Rewriting equality introduction

In this rule, we provide a term \(t\) and conclude that it is equal to its rewritten form under a (proven) substitution.

\[\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid t, (ids (ida (idr)?)?)?}{t = \texttt{Rewriter}_{idr}(t \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_n) \circ \cdots \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_1))}\]

In other words, from the point of view of Skolem forms, this rule transforms \(t\) to \(t'\) by standard substitution + rewriting.

The arguments \(ids\) , \(ida\) and \(idr\) are optional and specify the identifier of the substitution, the substitution application and rewriter respectively to be used. For details, see theory/builtin/proof_checker.h .

enumerator MACRO_SR_PRED_INTRO 

Builtin theory – Substitution + Rewriting predicate introduction

In this rule, we provide a formula \(F\) and conclude it, under the condition that it rewrites to true under a proven substitution.

\[\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid F, (ids (ida (idr)?)?)?}{F}\]

where \(\texttt{Rewriter}_{idr}(F \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_n) \circ \cdots \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_1)) = \top\) and \(ids\) and \(idr\) are method identifiers.

More generally, this rule also holds when \(\texttt{Rewriter::rewrite}(\texttt{toOriginal}(F')) = \top\) where \(F'\) is the result of the left hand side of the equality above. Here, notice that we apply rewriting on the original form of \(F'\) , meaning that this rule may conclude an \(F\) whose Skolem form is justified by the definition of its (fresh) Skolem variables. For example, this rule may justify the conclusion \(k = t\) where \(k\) is the purification Skolem for \(t\) , e.g. where the original form of \(k\) is \(t\) .

Furthermore, notice that the rewriting and substitution is applied only within the side condition, meaning the rewritten form of the original form of \(F\) does not escape this rule.

enumerator MACRO_SR_PRED_ELIM 

Builtin theory – Substitution + Rewriting predicate elimination

\[\inferrule{F, F_1 \dots F_n \mid (ids (ida (idr)?)?)?}{\texttt{Rewriter}_{idr}(F \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_n) \circ \cdots \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_1))}\]

where \(ids\) and \(idr\) are method identifiers.

We rewrite only on the Skolem form of \(F\) , similar to MACRO_SR_EQ_INTRO .

enumerator MACRO_SR_PRED_TRANSFORM 

Builtin theory – Substitution + Rewriting predicate elimination

\[\inferrule{F, F_1 \dots F_n \mid G, (ids (ida (idr)?)?)?}{G}\]

where \(\texttt{Rewriter}_{idr}(F \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_n) \circ \cdots \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_1)) = \texttt{Rewriter}_{idr}(G \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_n) \circ \cdots \circ \sigma_{ids, ida}(F_1))\) .

More generally, this rule also holds when: \(\texttt{Rewriter::rewrite}(\texttt{toOriginal}(F')) = \texttt{Rewriter::rewrite}(\texttt{toOriginal}(G'))\) where \(F'\) and \(G'\) are the result of each side of the equation above. Here, original forms are used in a similar manner to MACRO_SR_PRED_INTRO above.

enumerator ENCODE_PRED_TRANSFORM 

Builtin theory – Encode predicate transformation .. math:

\inferrule{F \mid G}{G}

where \(F\) and \(G\) are equivalent up to their encoding in an external proof format. This is currently verified by

:math: ` texttt{RewriteDbNodeConverter::convert}(F) =

texttt{RewriteDbNodeConverter::convert}(G)`. This rule can be treated as a no-op when appropriate in external proof formats.

enumerator DSL_REWRITE 

Builtin theory – DSL rewrite .. math:

\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid id t_1 \dots t_n}{F}

where the DSL rewrite rule with the given identifier is \(\forall x_1 \dots x_n. (G_1 \wedge G_n) \Rightarrow G\) where for \(i=1, \dots n\) , we have that \(F_i = \sigma(G_i)\) and \(F = \sigma(G)\) where \(\sigma\) is the substitution \(\{x_1\mapsto t_1,\dots,x_n\mapsto t_n\}\) .

Notice that the application of the substitution takes into account the possible list semantics of variables \(x_1 \ldots x_n\) . If \(x_i\) is a variable with list semantics, then \(t_i\) denotes a list of terms. The substitution implemented by expr::narySubstitute replaces each \(x_i\) with the list \(t_i\) in its place.

enumerator ANNOTATION 

Builtin theory – Annotation

\[\inferrule{F \mid a_1 \dots a_n}{F}\]

The terms \(a_1 \dots a_n\) can be anything used to annotate the proof node, one example is where \(a_1\) is a theory::InferenceId.

enumerator REMOVE_TERM_FORMULA_AXIOM 

Processing rules – Remove Term Formulas Axiom

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{\texttt{RemoveTermFormulas::getAxiomFor}(t)}\]

enumerator TRUST 

Trusted rule

\[\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid tid, F, ...}{F}\]

where \(tid\) is an identifier and \(F\) is a formula. This rule is used when a formal justification of an inference step cannot be provided. The formulas \(F_1 \dots F_n\) refer to a set of formulas that entail \(F\) , which may or may not be provided.

enumerator TRUST_THEORY_REWRITE 

Trusted rules – Theory rewrite

\[\inferrule{- \mid F, tid, rid}{F}\]

where \(F\) is an equality of the form \(t = t'\) where \(t'\) is obtained by applying the kind of rewriting given by the method identifier \(rid\) , which is one of: RW_REWRITE_THEORY_PRE , RW_REWRITE_THEORY_POST , RW_REWRITE_EQ_EXT . Notice that the checker for this rule does not replay the rewrite to ensure correctness, since theory rewriter methods are not static. For example, the quantifiers rewriter involves constructing new bound variables that are not guaranteed to be consistent on each call.

enumerator SAT_REFUTATION 

SAT Refutation for assumption-based unsat cores

\[\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid -}{\bot}\]

where \(F_1 \dots F_n\) correspond to the unsat core determined by the SAT solver.

enumerator RESOLUTION 

Boolean – Resolution

\[\inferrule{C_1, C_2 \mid pol, L}{C}\]

where

• \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) are nodes viewed as clauses, i.e., either an OR node with each children viewed as a literal or a node viewed as a literal. Note that an OR node could also be a literal.

• \(pol\) is either true or false, representing the polarity of the pivot on the first clause

• \(L\) is the pivot of the resolution, which occurs as is (resp. under a NOT ) in \(C_1\) and negatively (as is) in \(C_2\) if \(pol = \top\) ( \(pol = \bot\) ).

\(C\) is a clause resulting from collecting all the literals in \(C_1\) , minus the first occurrence of the pivot or its negation, and \(C_2\) , minus the first occurrence of the pivot or its negation, according to the policy above. If the resulting clause has a single literal, that literal itself is the result; if it has no literals, then the result is false; otherwise it’s an OR node of the resulting literals.

Note that it may be the case that the pivot does not occur in the clauses. In this case the rule is not unsound, but it does not correspond to resolution but rather to a weakening of the clause that did not have a literal eliminated.

enumerator CHAIN_RESOLUTION 

Boolean – N-ary Resolution

\[\inferrule{C_1 \dots C_n \mid pol_1,L_1 \dots pol_{n-1},L_{n-1}}{C}\]

where

• let \(C_1 \dots C_n\) be nodes viewed as clauses, as defined above

• let \(C_1 \diamond_{L,\mathit{pol}} C_2\) represent the resolution of \(C_1\) with \(C_2\) with pivot \(L\) and polarity \(pol\) , as defined above

• let \(C_1' = C_1\) ,

• for each \(i > 1\) , let \(C_i' = C_{i-1} \diamond{L_{i-1}, \mathit{pol}_{i-1}} C_i'\)

The result of the chain resolution is \(C = C_n'\)

enumerator FACTORING 

Boolean – Factoring

\[\inferrule{C_1 \mid -}{C_2}\]

where \(C_2\) is the clause \(C_1\) , but every occurence of a literal after its first occurence is omitted.

enumerator REORDERING 

Boolean – Reordering

\[\inferrule{C_1 \mid C_2}{C_2}\]

where the set representations of \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) are the same and the number of literals in \(C_2\) is the same of that of \(C_1\) .

enumerator MACRO_RESOLUTION 

Boolean – N-ary Resolution + Factoring + Reordering

\[\inferrule{C_1 \dots C_n \mid C, pol_1,L_1 \dots pol_{n-1},L_{n-1}}{C}\]

where

• let \(C_1 \dots C_n\) be nodes viewed as clauses, as defined in RESOLUTION

• let \(C_1 \diamond{L,\mathit{pol}} C_2\) represent the resolution of \(C_1\) with \(C_2\) with pivot \(L\) and polarity \(pol\) , as defined in RESOLUTION

• let \(C_1'\) be equal, in its set representation, to \(C_1\) ,

• for each \(i > 1\) , let \(C_i'\) be equal, in its set representation, to \(C_{i-1} \diamond{L_{i-1},\mathit{pol}_{i-1}} C_i'\)

The result of the chain resolution is \(C\) , which is equal, in its set representation, to \(C_n'\)

enumerator MACRO_RESOLUTION_TRUST 

Boolean – N-ary Resolution + Factoring + Reordering unchecked

Same as MACRO_RESOLUTION , but not checked by the internal proof checker.

enumerator SPLIT 

Boolean – Split

\[\inferrule{- \mid F}{F \lor \neg F}\]

enumerator EQ_RESOLVE 

Boolean – Equality resolution

\[\inferrule{F_1, (F_1 = F_2) \mid -}{F_2}\]

Note this can optionally be seen as a macro for EQUIV_ELIM1 + RESOLUTION .

enumerator MODUS_PONENS 

Boolean – Modus Ponens

\[\inferrule{F_1, (F_1 \rightarrow F_2) \mid -}{F_2}\]

Note this can optionally be seen as a macro for IMPLIES_ELIM + RESOLUTION .

enumerator NOT_NOT_ELIM 

Boolean – Double negation elimination

\[\inferrule{\neg (\neg F) \mid -}{F}\]

enumerator CONTRA 

Boolean – Contradiction

\[\inferrule{F, \neg F \mid -}{\bot}\]

enumerator AND_ELIM 

Boolean – And elimination

\[\inferrule{(F_1 \land \dots \land F_n) \mid i}{F_i}\]

enumerator AND_INTRO 

Boolean – And introduction

\[\inferrule{F_1 \dots F_n \mid -}{(F_1 \land \dots \land F_n)}\]

enumerator NOT_OR_ELIM 

Boolean – Not Or elimination

\[\inferrule{\neg(F_1 \lor \dots \lor F_n) \mid i}{\neg F_i}\]

enumerator IMPLIES_ELIM 

Boolean – Implication elimination

\[\inferrule{F_1 \rightarrow F_2 \mid -}{\neg F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_IMPLIES_ELIM1 

Boolean – Not Implication elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{\neg(F_1 \rightarrow F_2) \mid -}{F_1}\]

enumerator NOT_IMPLIES_ELIM2 

Boolean – Not Implication elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{\neg(F_1 \rightarrow F_2) \mid -}{\neg F_2}\]

enumerator EQUIV_ELIM1 

Boolean – Equivalence elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{F_1 = F_2 \mid -}{\neg F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator EQUIV_ELIM2 

Boolean – Equivalence elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{F_1 = F_2 \mid -}{F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_EQUIV_ELIM1 

Boolean – Not Equivalence elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{F_1 \neq F_2 \mid -}{F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_EQUIV_ELIM2 

Boolean – Not Equivalence elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{F_1 \neq F_2 \mid -}{\neg F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator XOR_ELIM1 

Boolean – XOR elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{F_1 \xor F_2 \mid -}{F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator XOR_ELIM2 

Boolean – XOR elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{F_1 \xor F_2 \mid -}{\neg F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_XOR_ELIM1 

Boolean – Not XOR elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{\neg(F_1 \xor F_2) \mid -}{F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_XOR_ELIM2 

Boolean – Not XOR elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{\neg(F_1 \xor F_2) \mid -}{\neg F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator ITE_ELIM1 

Boolean – ITE elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \mid -}{\neg C \lor F_1}\]

enumerator ITE_ELIM2 

Boolean – ITE elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \mid -}{C \lor F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_ITE_ELIM1 

Boolean – Not ITE elimination version 1

\[\inferrule{\neg(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \mid -}{\neg C \lor \neg F_1}\]

enumerator NOT_ITE_ELIM2 

Boolean – Not ITE elimination version 2

\[\inferrule{\neg(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \mid -}{C \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator NOT_AND 

Boolean – De Morgan – Not And

\[\inferrule{\neg(F_1 \land \dots \land F_n) \mid -}{\neg F_1 \lor \dots \lor \neg F_n}\]

enumerator CNF_AND_POS 

Boolean – CNF – And Positive

\[\inferrule{- \mid (F_1 \land \dots \land F_n), i}{\neg (F_1 \land \dots \land F_n) \lor F_i}\]

enumerator CNF_AND_NEG 

Boolean – CNF – And Negative

\[\inferrule{- \mid (F_1 \land \dots \land F_n)}{(F_1 \land \dots \land F_n) \lor \neg F_1 \lor \dots \lor \neg F_n}\]

enumerator CNF_OR_POS 

Boolean – CNF – Or Positive

\[\inferrule{- \mid (F_1 \lor \dots \lor F_n)}{\neg(F_1 \lor \dots \lor F_n) \lor F_1 \lor \dots \lor F_n}\]

enumerator CNF_OR_NEG 

Boolean – CNF – Or Negative

\[\inferrule{- \mid (F_1 \lor \dots \lor F_n), i}{(F_1 \lor \dots \lor F_n) \lor \neg F_i}\]

enumerator CNF_IMPLIES_POS 

Boolean – CNF – Implies Positive

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \rightarrow F_2}{\neg(F_1 \rightarrow F_2) \lor \neg F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_IMPLIES_NEG1 

Boolean – CNF – Implies Negative 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \rightarrow F_2}{(F_1 \rightarrow F_2) \lor F_1}\]

enumerator CNF_IMPLIES_NEG2 

Boolean – CNF – Implies Negative 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \rightarrow F_2}{(F_1 \rightarrow F_2) \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_EQUIV_POS1 

Boolean – CNF – Equiv Positive 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 = F_2}{F_1 \neq F_2 \lor \neg F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_EQUIV_POS2 

Boolean – CNF – Equiv Positive 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 = F_2}{F_1 \neq F_2 \lor F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_EQUIV_NEG1 

Boolean – CNF – Equiv Negative 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 = F_2}{(F_1 = F_2) \lor F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_EQUIV_NEG2 

Boolean – CNF – Equiv Negative 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 = F_2}{(F_1 = F_2) \lor \neg F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_XOR_POS1 

Boolean – CNF – XOR Positive 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \xor F_2}{\neg(F_1 \xor F_2) \lor F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_XOR_POS2 

Boolean – CNF – XOR Positive 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \xor F_2}{\neg(F_1 \xor F_2) \lor \neg F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_XOR_NEG1 

Boolean – CNF – XOR Negative 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \xor F_2}{(F_1 \xor F_2) \lor \neg F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_XOR_NEG2 

Boolean – CNF – XOR Negative 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid F_1 \xor F_2}{(F_1 \xor F_2) \lor F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_ITE_POS1 

Boolean – CNF – ITE Positive 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid (\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2})}{\neg(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \lor \neg C \lor F_1}\]

enumerator CNF_ITE_POS2 

Boolean – CNF – ITE Positive 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid (\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2})}{\neg(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \lor C \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_ITE_POS3 

Boolean – CNF – ITE Positive 3

\[\inferrule{- \mid (\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2})}{\neg(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \lor F_1 \lor F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_ITE_NEG1 

Boolean – CNF – ITE Negative 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid (\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2})}{(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \lor \neg C \lor \neg F_1}\]

enumerator CNF_ITE_NEG2 

Boolean – CNF – ITE Negative 2

\[\inferrule{- \mid (\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2})}{(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \lor C \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator CNF_ITE_NEG3 

Boolean – CNF – ITE Negative 3

\[\inferrule{- \mid (\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2})}{(\ite{C}{F_1}{F_2}) \lor \neg F_1 \lor \neg F_2}\]

enumerator REFL 

Equality – Reflexivity

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{t = t}\]

enumerator SYMM 

Equality – Symmetry

\[\inferrule{t_1 = t_2\mid -}{t_2 = t_1}\]

or

\[\inferrule{t_1 \neq t_2\mid -}{t_2 \neq t_1}\]

enumerator TRANS 

Equality – Transitivity

\[\inferrule{t_1=t_2,\dots,t_{n-1}=t_n\mid -}{t_1 = t_n}\]

enumerator CONG 

Equality – Congruence

\[\inferrule{t_1=s_1,\dots,t_n=s_n\mid k, f?}{k(f?)(t_1,\dots, t_n) = k(f?)(s_1,\dots, s_n)}\]

where \(k\) is the application kind. Notice that \(f\) must be provided iff \(k\) is a parameterized kind, e.g. APPLY_UF . The actual node for \(k\) is constructible via ProofRuleChecker::mkKindNode .

enumerator TRUE_INTRO 

Equality – True intro

\[\inferrule{F\mid -}{F = \top}\]

enumerator TRUE_ELIM 

Equality – True elim

\[\inferrule{F=\top\mid -}{F}\]

enumerator FALSE_INTRO 

Equality – False intro

\[\inferrule{\neg F\mid -}{F = \bot}\]

enumerator FALSE_ELIM 

Equality – False elim

\[\inferrule{F=\bot\mid -}{\neg F}\]

enumerator HO_APP_ENCODE 

Equality – Higher-order application encoding

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{t= \texttt{TheoryUfRewriter::getHoApplyForApplyUf}(t)}\]

For example, this rule concludes \(f(x,y) = @(@(f,x),y)\) , where \(@\) isthe HO_APPLY kind.

enumerator HO_CONG 

Equality – Higher-order congruence

\[\inferrule{f=g, t_1=s_1,\dots,t_n=s_n\mid -}{f(t_1,\dots, t_n) = g(s_1,\dots, s_n)}\]

Notice that this rule is only used when the application kinds are APPLY_UF .

enumerator BETA_REDUCE 

Equality – Beta reduction

\[\inferrule{\mid \lambda x_1\dots x_n.\> t, t_1,\dots,t_n} {((\lambda x_1\dots x_n.\> t) t_1 \ldots t_n)=t\{x_1\mapsto t_1,\dots,x_n\mapsto t_n\}}\]

The right hand side of the equality in the conclusion is computed using standard substitution via Node::substitute.

enumerator ARRAYS_READ_OVER_WRITE 

Arrays – Read over write

\[\inferrule{i_1 \neq i_2\mid \mathit{select}(\mathit{store}(a,i_1,e),i_2)} {\mathit{select}(\mathit{store}(a,i_1,e),i_2) = \mathit{select}(a,i_2)}\]

enumerator ARRAYS_READ_OVER_WRITE_CONTRA 

Arrays – Read over write, contrapositive

\[\inferrule{\mathit{select}(\mathit{store}(a,i_2,e),i_1) \neq \mathit{select}(a,i_1)\mid -}{i_1=i_2}\]

enumerator ARRAYS_READ_OVER_WRITE_1 

Arrays – Read over write 1

\[\inferrule{-\mid \mathit{select}(\mathit{store}(a,i,e),i)} {\mathit{select}(\mathit{store}(a,i,e),i)=e}\]

enumerator ARRAYS_EXT 

Arrays – Arrays extensionality

\[\inferrule{a \neq b\mid -} {\mathit{select}(a,k)\neq\mathit{select}(b,k)}\]

where \(k\) is \(\texttt{arrays::SkolemCache::getExtIndexSkolem}(a\neq b)\) .

enumerator ARRAYS_EQ_RANGE_EXPAND 

Arrays – Expansion of array range equality

\[\inferrule{-\mid \mathit{eqrange}(a,b,i,j)} {\mathit{eqrange}(a,b,i,j)= \forall x.\> i \leq x \leq j \rightarrow \mathit{select}(a,x)=\mathit{select}(b,x)}\]

enumerator MACRO_BV_BITBLAST 

Bit-vectors – (Macro) Bitblast

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{t = \texttt{bitblast}(t)}\]

where bitblast() represents the result of the bit-blasted term as a bit-vector consisting of the output bits of the bit-blasted circuit representation of the term. Terms are bit-blasted according to the strategies defined in theory/bv/bitblast/bitblast_strategies_template.h .

enumerator BV_BITBLAST_STEP 

Bit-vectors – Bitblast bit-vector constant, variable, and terms

For constant and variables:

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{t = \texttt{bitblast}(t)}\]

For terms:

\[\inferrule{-\mid k(\texttt{bitblast}(t_1),\dots,\texttt{bitblast}(t_n))} {k(\texttt{bitblast}(t_1),\dots,\texttt{bitblast}(t_n)) = \texttt{bitblast}(t)}\]

where \(t\) is \(k(t_1,\dots,t_n)\) .

enumerator BV_EAGER_ATOM 

Bit-vectors – Bit-vector eager atom

\[\inferrule{-\mid F}{F = F[0]}\]

where \(F\) is of kind BITVECTOR_EAGER_ATOM .

enumerator DT_UNIF 

Datatypes – Unification

\[\inferrule{C(t_1,\dots,t_n)= C(s_1,\dots,s_n)\mid i}{t_1 = s_i}\]

where \(C\) is a constructor.

enumerator DT_INST 

Datatypes – Instantiation

\[\inferrule{-\mid t,n}{\mathit{is}_C(t) = (t = C(\mathit{sel}_1(t),\dots,\mathit{sel}_n(t)))}\]

where \(C\) is the \(n^{\mathit{th}}\) constructor of the type of t, and \(\mathit{is}_C\) is the discriminator (tester) for \(C\) .

enumerator DT_COLLAPSE 

Datatypes – Collapse

\[\inferrule{-\mid \mathit{sel}_i(C_j(t_1,\dots,t_n))}{ \mathit{sel}_i(C_j(t_1,\dots,t_n)) = r}\]

where \(C_j\) is a constructor, \(r\) is \(t_i\) if \(\mathit{sel}_i\) is a correctly applied selector, or TypeNode::mkGroundTerm() of the proper type otherwise. Notice that the use of mkGroundTerm differs from the rewriter which uses mkGroundValue in this case.

enumerator DT_SPLIT 

Datatypes – Split

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{\mathit{is}_{C_1}(t)\vee\cdots\vee\mathit{is}_{C_n}(t)}\]

where \(C_1,\dots,C_n\) are all the constructors of the type of \(t\) .

enumerator DT_CLASH 

Datatypes – Clash

\[\inferruleSC{\mathit{is}_{C_i}(t), \mathit{is}_{C_j}(t)\mid -}{\bot} {if $i\neq j$}\]

enumerator SKOLEM_INTRO 

Quantifiers – Skolem introduction

\[\inferrule{-\mid k}{k = t}\]

where \(t\) is the unpurified form of skolem \(k\) .

enumerator SKOLEMIZE 

Quantifiers – Skolemization

\[\inferrule{\exists x_1\dots x_n.\> F\mid -}{F\sigma}\]

or

\[\inferrule{\neg (\forall x_1\dots x_n.\> F)\mid -}{\neg F\sigma}\]

where \(\sigma\) maps \(x_1,\dots,x_n\) to their representative skolems obtained by SkolemManager::mkSkolemize , returned in the skolems argument of that method. The witness terms for the returned skolems can be obtained by SkolemManager::getWitnessForm .

enumerator INSTANTIATE 

Quantifiers – Instantiation

\[\inferrule{\forall x_1\dots x_n.\> F\mid t_1,\dots,t_n, (id\, (t)?)?} {F\{x_1\mapsto t_1,\dots,x_n\mapsto t_n\}}\]

The optional argument \(id\) indicates the inference id that caused the instantiation. The term \(t\) indicates an additional term (e.g. the trigger) associated with the instantiation, which depends on the id. If the id has prefix QUANTIFIERS_INST_E_MATCHING , then \(t\) is the trigger that generated the instantiation.

enumerator ALPHA_EQUIV 

Quantifiers – Alpha equivalence

\[\inferruleSC{-\mid F, y_1=z_1,\dots, y_n=z_n} {F = F\{y_1\mapsto z_1,\dots,y_n\mapsto z_n\}} {if $y_1,\dots,y_n, z_1,\dots,z_n$ are unique bound variables}\]

Notice that this rule is correct only when \(z_1,\dots,z_n\) are not contained in \(FV(F) \setminus \{ y_1,\dots, y_n \}\) , where \(FV(\varphi)\) are the free variables of \(\varphi\) . The internal quantifiers proof checker does not currently check that this is the case.

enumerator CONCAT_EQ 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation equality

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot\ldots \cdot t_n \cdot t) = (t_1 \cdot\ldots \cdot t_n\cdot s)\mid b}{t = s}\]

where \(\cdot\) stands for string concatenation and \(b\) indicates if the direction is reversed.

Notice that \(t\) or \(s\) may be empty, in which case they are implicit in the concatenation above. For example, if the premise is \(x\cdot z = x\) , then this rule, with argument \(\bot\) , concludes \(z = ''\) .

Also note that constants are split, such that for \((\mathsf{'abc'} \cdot x) = (\mathsf{'a'} \cdot y)\) , this rule, with argument \(\bot\) , concludes \((\mathsf{'bc'} \cdot x) = y\) . This splitting is done only for constants such that Word::splitConstant returns non-null.

enumerator CONCAT_UNIFY 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation unification

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (s_1 \cdot s_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_1) = \mathit{len}(s_1)\mid b}{t_1 = s_1}\]

where \(b\) indicates if the direction is reversed.

enumerator CONCAT_CONFLICT 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation conflict

\[\inferrule{(c_1\cdot t) = (c_2 \cdot s)\mid b}{\bot}\]

where \(b\) indicates if the direction is reversed, \(c_1,\,c_2\) are constants such that \(\texttt{Word::splitConstant}(c_1,c_2, \mathit{index},b)\) is null, in other words, neither is a prefix of the other. Note it may be the case that one side of the equality denotes the empty string.

Alternatively, if the equality is between sequences, this rule has the form:

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot t) = (s_1 \cdot s), t_1 \deq s_1 \mid b}{\bot}\]

where t_1 and s_1 are constants of length one, or otherwise one side of the equality is the empty sequence and t_1 or s_1 corresponding to that side is the empty sequence.

enumerator CONCAT_SPLIT 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation split

\[\inferruleSC{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (s_1 \cdot s_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_1) \neq \mathit{len}(s_1)\mid b}{(t_1 = s_1\cdot r_t) \vee (s_1 = t_1\cdot r_s)}{if $b=\bot$}\]

where \(r_t\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{suf}(t_1,\mathit{len}(s_1)))\) and \(r_s\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{suf}(s_1,\mathit{len}(t_1)))\) .

\[\inferruleSC{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (s_1 \cdot s_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_1) \neq \mathit{len}(s_1)\mid b}{(t_1 = s_1\cdot r_t) \vee (s_1 = t_1\cdot r_s)}{if $b=\top$}\]

where \(r_t\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{pre}(t_2,\mathit{len}(t_2) - \mathit{len}(s_2)))\) and \(r_s\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{pre}(s_2,\mathit{len}(s_2) - \mathit{len}(t_2)))\) .

Above, \(\mathit{suf}(x,n)\) is shorthand for \(\mathit{substr}(x,n, \mathit{len}(x) - n)\) and \(\mathit{pre}(x,n)\) is shorthand for \(\mathit{substr}(x,0,n)\) .

enumerator CONCAT_CSPLIT 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation split for constants

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (c \cdot s_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_1) \neq 0\mid \bot}{(t_1 = c\cdot r)}\]

where \(r\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{suf}(t_1,1))\) .

Alternatively for the reverse:

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (s_1 \cdot c),\, \mathit{len}(t_2) \neq 0\mid \top}{(t_2 = r\cdot c)}\]

where \(r\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{pre}(t_2,\mathit{len}(t_2) - 1))\) .

enumerator CONCAT_LPROP 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation length propagation

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (s_1 \cdot s_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_1) > \mathit{len}(s_1)\mid \bot}{(t_1 = s_1\cdot r_t)}\]

where \(r_t\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{suf}(t_1,\mathit{len}(s_1)))\) .

Alternatively for the reverse:

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot t_2) = (s_1 \cdot s_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_2) > \mathit{len}(s_2)\mid \top}{(t_2 = r_t\cdot s_2)}\]

where \(r_t\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{pre}(t_2,\mathit{len}(t_2) - \mathit{len}(s_2)))\) .

enumerator CONCAT_CPROP 

Strings – Core rules – Concatenation constant propagation

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot w_1\cdot t_2) = (w_2 \cdot s),\, \mathit{len}(t_1) \neq 0\mid \bot}{(t_1 = w_3\cdot r)}\]

where \(w_1,\,w_2,\,w_3\) are words, \(w_3\) is \(\mathit{pre}(w_2,p)\) , \(p\) is \(\texttt{Word::overlap}(\mathit{suf}(w_2,1), w_1)\) , and \(r\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{suf}(t_1,\mathit{len}(w_3)))\) . Note that \(\mathit{suf}(w_2,p)\) is the largest suffix of \(\mathit{suf}(w_2,1)\) that can contain a prefix of \(w_1\) ; since \(t_1\) is non-empty, \(w_3\) must therefore be contained in \(t_1\) .

Alternatively for the reverse:

\[\inferrule{(t_1\cdot w_1\cdot t_2) = (s \cdot w_2),\, \mathit{len}(t_2) \neq 0\mid \top}{(t_2 = r\cdot w_3)}\]

where \(w_1,\,w_2,\,w_3\) are words, \(w_3\) is \(\mathit{suf}(w_2, \mathit{len}(w_2) - p)\) , \(p\) is \(\texttt{Word::roverlap}(\mathit{pre}(w_2, \mathit{len}(w_2) - 1), w_1)\) , and \(r\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{pre}(t_2, \mathit{len}(t_2) - \mathit{len}(w_3)))\) . Note that \(\mathit{pre}(w_2, \mathit{len}(w_2) - p)\) is the largest prefix of \(\mathit{pre}(w_2, \mathit{len}(w_2) - 1)\) that can contain a suffix of \(w_1\) ; since \(t_2\) is non-empty, \(w_3\) must therefore be contained in \(t_2\) .

enumerator STRING_DECOMPOSE 

Strings – Core rules – String decomposition

\[\inferrule{\mathit{len}(t) \geq n\mid \bot}{t = w_1\cdot w_2 \wedge \mathit{len}(w_1) = n}\]

or alternatively for the reverse:

\[\inferrule{\mathit{len}(t) \geq n\mid \top}{t = w_1\cdot w_2 \wedge \mathit{len}(w_2) = n}\]

where \(w_1\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{pre}(t,n)\) and \(w_2\) is \(\mathit{skolem}(\mathit{suf}(t,n)\) .

enumerator STRING_LENGTH_POS 

Strings – Core rules – Length positive

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{(\mathit{len}(t) = 0\wedge t= '')\vee \mathit{len}(t) > 0}\]

enumerator STRING_LENGTH_NON_EMPTY 

Strings – Core rules – Length non-empty

\[\inferrule{t\neq ''\mid -}{\mathit{len}(t) \neq 0}\]

enumerator STRING_REDUCTION 

Strings – Extended functions – Reduction

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{R\wedge t = w}\]

where \(w\) is \(\texttt{strings::StringsPreprocess::reduce}(t, R, \dots)\) . In other words, \(R\) is the reduction predicate for extended term \(t\) , and \(w\) is \(skolem(t)\) .

Notice that the free variables of \(R\) are \(w\) and the free variables of \(t\) .

enumerator STRING_EAGER_REDUCTION 

Strings – Extended functions – Eager reduction

\[\inferrule{-\mid t}{R}\]

where \(R\) is \(\texttt{strings::TermRegistry::eagerReduce}(t)\) .

enumerator RE_INTER 

Strings – Regular expressions – Intersection

\[\inferrule{t\in R_1,\,t\in R_2\mid -}{t\in \mathit{inter}(R_1,R_2)}\]

enumerator RE_UNFOLD_POS 

Strings – Regular expressions – Positive Unfold

\[\inferrule{t\in R\mid -}{\texttt{RegExpOpr::reduceRegExpPos}(t\in R)}\]

corresponding to the one-step unfolding of the premise.

enumerator RE_UNFOLD_NEG 

Strings – Regular expressions – Negative Unfold

\[\inferrule{t\not\in R\mid -}{\texttt{RegExpOpr::reduceRegExpNeg}(t\not\in R)}\]

corresponding to the one-step unfolding of the premise.

enumerator RE_UNFOLD_NEG_CONCAT_FIXED 

Strings – Regular expressions – Unfold negative concatenation, fixed

\[\inferrule{t\not\in R\mid -}{\texttt{RegExpOpr::reduceRegExpNegConcatFixed}(t\not\in R,L,i)}\]

where \(\texttt{RegExpOpr::getRegExpConcatFixed}(t\not\in R, i) = L\) , corresponding to the one-step unfolding of the premise, optimized for fixed length of component \(i\) of the regular expression concatenation \(R\) .

enumerator RE_ELIM 

Strings – Regular expressions – Elimination

\[\inferrule{-\mid F,b}{F = \texttt{strings::RegExpElimination::eliminate}(F, b)}\]

where \(b\) is a Boolean indicating whether we are using aggressive eliminations. Notice this rule concludes \(F = F\) if no eliminations are performed for \(F\) .

enumerator STRING_CODE_INJ 

Strings – Code points

\[\inferrule{-\mid t,s}{\mathit{to\_code}(t) = -1 \vee \mathit{to\_code}(t) \neq \mathit{to\_code}(s) \vee t\neq s}\]

enumerator STRING_SEQ_UNIT_INJ 

Strings – Sequence unit

\[\inferrule{\mathit{unit}(x) = \mathit{unit}(y)\mid -}{x = y}\]

Also applies to the case where \(\mathit{unit}(y)\) is a constant sequence of length one.

enumerator MACRO_STRING_INFERENCE 

Strings – (Macro) String inference

\[\inferrule{?\mid F,\mathit{id},\mathit{isRev},\mathit{exp}}{F}\]

used to bookkeep an inference that has not yet been converted via \(\texttt{strings::InferProofCons::convert}\) .

enumerator MACRO_ARITH_SCALE_SUM_UB 

Arithmetic – Adding inequalities

An arithmetic literal is a term of the form \(p \diamond c\) where \(\diamond \in \{ <, \leq, =, \geq, > \}\) , \(p\) a polynomial and \(c\) a rational constant.

\[\inferrule{l_1 \dots l_n \mid k_1 \dots k_n}{t_1 \diamond t_2}\]

where \(k_i \in \mathbb{R}, k_i \neq 0\) , \(\diamond\) is the fusion of the \(\diamond_i\) (flipping each if its \(k_i\) is negative) such that \(\diamond_i \in \{ <, \leq \}\) (this implies that lower bounds have negative \(k_i\) and upper bounds have positive \(k_i\) ), \(t_1\) is the sum of the scaled polynomials and \(t_2\) is the sum of the scaled constants:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}t_1 \colon= k_1 \cdot p_1 + \cdots + k_n \cdot p_n\\t_2 \colon= k_1 \cdot c_1 + \cdots + k_n \cdot c_n\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

enumerator ARITH_SUM_UB 

Arithmetic – Sum upper bounds

\[\inferrule{P_1 \dots P_n \mid -}{L \diamond R}\]

where \(P_i\) has the form \(L_i \diamond_i R_i\) and \(\diamond_i \in \{<, \leq, =\}\) . Furthermore \(\diamond = <\) if \(\diamond_i = <\) for any \(i\) and \(\diamond = \leq\) otherwise, \(L = L_1 + \cdots + L_n\) and \(R = R_1 + \cdots + R_n\) .

enumerator INT_TIGHT_UB 

Arithmetic – Tighten strict integer upper bounds

\[\inferrule{i < c \mid -}{i \leq \lfloor c \rfloor}\]

where \(i\) has integer type.

enumerator INT_TIGHT_LB 

Arithmetic – Tighten strict integer lower bounds

\[\inferrule{i > c \mid -}{i \geq \lceil c \rceil}\]

where \(i\) has integer type.

enumerator ARITH_TRICHOTOMY 

Arithmetic – Trichotomy of the reals

\[\inferrule{A, B \mid C}{C}\]

where \(\neg A, \neg B, C\) are \(x < c, x = c, x > c\) in some order. Note that \(\neg\) here denotes arithmetic negation, i.e., flipping \(\geq\) to \(<\) etc.

enumerator ARITH_OP_ELIM_AXIOM 

Arithmetic – Operator elimination

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{\texttt{arith::OperatorElim::getAxiomFor(t)}}\]

enumerator ARITH_POLY_NORM 

Arithmetic – Polynomial normalization

\[\inferrule{- \mid t = s}{t = s}\]

where \(\texttt{arith::PolyNorm::isArithPolyNorm(t, s)} = \top\) .

enumerator ARITH_MULT_SIGN 

Arithmetic – Sign inference

\[\inferrule{- \mid f_1 \dots f_k, m}{(f_1 \land \dots \land f_k) \rightarrow m \diamond 0}\]

where \(f_1 \dots f_k\) are variables compared to zero (less, greater or not equal), \(m\) is a monomial from these variables and \(\diamond\) is the comparison (less or equal) that results from the signs of the variables. All variables with even exponent in \(m\) should be given as not equal to zero while all variables with odd exponent in \(m\) should be given as less or greater than zero.

enumerator ARITH_MULT_POS 

Arithmetic – Multiplication with positive factor

\[\inferrule{- \mid m, l \diamond r}{(m > 0 \land l \diamond r) \rightarrow m \cdot l \diamond m \cdot r}\]

where \(\diamond\) is a relation symbol.

enumerator ARITH_MULT_NEG 

Arithmetic – Multiplication with negative factor

\[\inferrule{- \mid m, l \diamond r}{(m < 0 \land l \diamond r) \rightarrow m \cdot l \diamond_{inv} m \cdot r}\]

where \(\diamond\) is a relation symbol and \(\diamond_{inv}\) the inverted relation symbol.

enumerator ARITH_MULT_TANGENT 

Arithmetic – Multiplication tangent plane

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}\inferruleSC{- \mid t, x, y, a, b, \sigma}{(t \leq tplane) \leftrightarrow ((x \leq a \land y \geq b) \lor (x \geq a \land y \leq b))}{if $\sigma = -1$}\\\inferruleSC{- \mid t, x, y, a, b, \sigma}{(t \geq tplane) \leftrightarrow ((x \leq a \land y \leq b) \lor (x \geq a \land y \geq b))}{if $\sigma = 1$}\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

where \(x,y\) are real terms (variables or extended terms), \(t = x \cdot y\) (possibly under rewriting), \(a,b\) are real constants, \(\sigma \in \{ 1, -1\}\) and \(tplane := b \cdot x + a \cdot y - a \cdot b\) is the tangent plane of \(x \cdot y\) at \((a,b)\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_PI 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Assert bounds on Pi

\[\inferrule{- \mid l, u}{\texttt{real.pi} \geq l \land \texttt{real.pi} \leq u}\]

where \(l,u\) are valid lower and upper bounds on \(\pi\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_NEG 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp at negative values

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{(t < 0) \leftrightarrow (\exp(t) < 1)}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_POSITIVITY 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp is always positive

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{\exp(t) > 0}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_SUPER_LIN 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp grows super-linearly for positive values

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{t \leq 0 \lor \exp(t) > t+1}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_ZERO 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp at zero

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{(t=0) \leftrightarrow (\exp(t) = 1)}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_APPROX_ABOVE_NEG 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp is approximated from above for negative values

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,t,l,u}{(t \geq l \land t \leq u) \rightarrow exp(t) \leq \texttt{secant}(\exp, l, u, t)}\]

where \(d\) is an even positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term and \(l,u\) are lower and upper bounds on \(t\) . Let \(p\) be the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the exponential function. \(\texttt{secant}(\exp, l, u, t)\) denotes the secant of \(p\) from \((l, \exp(l))\) to \((u, \exp(u))\) evaluated at \(t\) , calculated as follows:

\[\frac{p(l) - p(u)}{l - u} \cdot (t - l) + p(l)\]

The lemma states that if \(t\) is between \(l\) and \(u\) , then \(\exp(t\) is below the secant of \(p\) from \(l\) to \(u\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_APPROX_ABOVE_POS 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp is approximated from above for positive values

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,t,l,u}{(t \geq l \land t \leq u) \rightarrow exp(t) \leq \texttt{secant-pos}(\exp, l, u, t)}\]

where \(d\) is an even positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term and \(l,u\) are lower and upper bounds on \(t\) . Let \(p^*\) be a modification of the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the exponential function as follows where \(p(d-1)\) is the regular Maclaurin series of degree \(d-1\) :

\[p^* := p(d-1) \cdot \frac{1 + t^n}{n!}\]

\(\texttt{secant-pos}(\exp, l, u, t)\) denotes the secant of \(p\) from \((l, \exp(l))\) to \((u, \exp(u))\) evaluated at \(t\) , calculated as follows:

\[\frac{p(l) - p(u)}{l - u} \cdot (t - l) + p(l)\]

The lemma states that if \(t\) is between \(l\) and \(u\) , then \(\exp(t\) is below the secant of \(p\) from \(l\) to \(u\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_EXP_APPROX_BELOW 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Exp is approximated from below

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,c,t}{t \geq c \rightarrow exp(t) \geq \texttt{maclaurin}(\exp, d, c)}\]

where \(d\) is an odd positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term and \(\texttt{maclaurin}(\exp, d, c)\) is the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the exponential function evaluated at \(c\) . The Maclaurin series for the exponential function is the following:

\[\exp(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_BOUNDS 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is always between -1 and 1

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{\sin(t) \leq 1 \land \sin(t) \geq -1}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_SHIFT 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is shifted to -pi…pi

\[\inferrule{- \mid x, y, s}{-\pi \leq y \leq \pi \land \sin(y) = \sin(x) \land (\ite{-\pi \leq x \leq \pi}{x = y}{x = y + 2 \pi s})}\]

where \(x\) is the argument to sine, \(y\) is a new real skolem that is \(x\) shifted into \(-\pi \dots \pi\) and \(s\) is a new integer slolem that is the number of phases \(y\) is shifted.

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_SYMMETRY 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is symmetric with respect to negation of the argument

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{\sin(t) - \sin(-t) = 0}\]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_TANGENT_ZERO 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is bounded by the tangent at zero

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{(t > 0 \rightarrow \sin(t) < t) \land (t < 0 \rightarrow \sin(t) > t)} \]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_TANGENT_PI 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is bounded by the tangents at -pi and pi

\[\inferrule{- \mid t}{(t > -\pi \rightarrow \sin(t) > -\pi - t) \land (t < \pi \rightarrow \sin(t) < \pi - t)} \]

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_APPROX_ABOVE_NEG 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is approximated from above for negative values

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,t,lb,ub,l,u}{(t \geq lb land t \leq ub) \rightarrow \sin(t) \leq \texttt{secant}(\sin, l, u, t)}\]

where \(d\) is an even positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term, \(lb,ub\) are symbolic lower and upper bounds on \(t\) (possibly containing \(\pi\) ) and \(l,u\) the evaluated lower and upper bounds on \(t\) . Let \(p\) be the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the sine function. \(\texttt{secant}(\sin, l, u, t)\) denotes the secant of \(p\) from \((l, \sin(l))\) to \((u, \sin(u))\) evaluated at \(t\) , calculated as follows:

\[\frac{p(l) - p(u)}{l - u} \cdot (t - l) + p(l)\]

The lemma states that if \(t\) is between \(l\) and \(u\) , then \(\sin(t)\) is below the secant of \(p\) from \(l\) to \(u\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_APPROX_ABOVE_POS 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is approximated from above for positive values

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,t,c,lb,ub}{(t \geq lb land t \leq ub) \rightarrow \sin(t) \leq \texttt{upper}(\sin, c)}\]

where \(d\) is an even positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term, \(c\) an arithmetic constant and \(lb,ub\) are symbolic lower and upper bounds on \(t\) (possibly containing \(\pi\) ). Let \(p\) be the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the sine function. \(\texttt{upper}(\sin, c)\) denotes the upper bound on \(\sin(c)\) given by \(p\) and \(lb,up\) such that \(\sin(t)\) is the maximum of the sine function on \((lb,ub)\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_APPROX_BELOW_NEG 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is approximated from below for negative values

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,t,c,lb,ub}{(t \geq lb land t \leq ub) \rightarrow \sin(t) \geq \texttt{lower}(\sin, c)}\]

where \(d\) is an even positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term, \(c\) an arithmetic constant and \(lb,ub\) are symbolic lower and upper bounds on \(t\) (possibly containing \(\pi\) ). Let \(p\) be the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the sine function. \(\texttt{lower}(\sin, c)\) denotes the lower bound on \(\sin(c)\) given by \(p\) and \(lb,up\) such that \(\sin(t)\) is the minimum of the sine function on \((lb,ub)\) .

enumerator ARITH_TRANS_SINE_APPROX_BELOW_POS 

Arithmetic – Transcendentals – Sine is approximated from below for positive values

\[\inferrule{- \mid d,t,lb,ub,l,u}{(t \geq lb land t \leq ub) \rightarrow \sin(t) \geq \texttt{secant}(\sin, l, u, t)}\]

where \(d\) is an even positive number, \(t\) an arithmetic term, \(lb,ub\) are symbolic lower and upper bounds on \(t\) (possibly containing \(\pi\) ) and \(l,u\) the evaluated lower and upper bounds on \(t\) . Let \(p\) be the \(d\) ’th taylor polynomial at zero (also called the Maclaurin series) of the sine function. \(\texttt{secant}(\sin, l, u, t)\) denotes the secant of \(p\) from \((l, \sin(l))\) to \((u, \sin(u))\) evaluated at \(t\) , calculated as follows:

\[\frac{p(l) - p(u)}{l - u} \cdot (t - l) + p(l)\]

The lemma states that if \(t\) is between \(l\) and \(u\) , then \(\sin(t)\) is above the secant of \(p\) from \(l\) to \(u\) .

enumerator ARITH_NL_COVERING_DIRECT 

Arithmetic – Coverings – Direct conflict

We use \(\texttt{IRP}_k(poly)\) for an IndexedRootPredicate that is defined as the \(k\) ’th root of the polynomial \(poly\) . Note that \(poly\) may not be univariate; in this case, the value of \(\texttt{IRP}_k(poly)\) can only be calculated with respect to a (partial) model for all but one variable of \(poly\) .

A formula \(\texttt{Interval}(x_i)\) describes that a variable \(x_i\) is within a particular interval whose bounds are given as IRPs. It is either an open interval or a point interval:

\[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}\texttt{IRP}_k(poly) < x_i < \texttt{IRP}_k(poly)\\x_i = \texttt{IRP}_k(poly)\end{aligned}\end{align} \]

A formula \(\texttt{Cell}(x_1 \dots x_i)\) describes a portion of the real space in the following form:

\[\texttt{Interval}(x_1) \land \dots \land \texttt{Interval}(x_i)\]

A cell can also be empty (for \(i = 0\) ).

A formula \(\texttt{Covering}(x_i)\) is a set of intervals, implying that \(x_i\) can be in neither of these intervals. To be a covering (of the real line), the union of these intervals should be the real numbers.

\[\inferrule{\texttt{Cell}, A \mid -}{\bot}\]

A direct interval is generated from an assumption \(A\) (in variables \(x_1 \dots x_i\) ) over a \(\texttt{Cell}(x_1 \dots x_i)\) . It derives that \(A\) evaluates to false over the cell. In the actual algorithm, it means that \(x_i\) can not be in the topmost interval of the cell.

enumerator ARITH_NL_COVERING_RECURSIVE 

Arithmetic – Coverings – Recursive interval

See ARITH_NL_COVERING_DIRECT for the necessary definitions.

\[\inferrule{\texttt{Cell}, \texttt{Covering} \mid -}{\bot}\]

A recursive interval is generated from \(\texttt{Covering}(x_i)\) over \(\texttt{Cell}(x_1 \dots x_{i-1})\) . It generates the conclusion that no \(x_i\) exists that extends the cell and satisfies all assumptions.

enumerator LFSC_RULE 

External – LFSC

Place holder for LFSC rules.

\[\inferrule{P_1, \dots, P_n\mid \texttt{id}, Q, A_1,\dots, A_m}{Q}\]

Note that the premises and arguments are arbitrary. It’s expected that \(\texttt{id}\) refer to a proof rule in the external LFSC calculus.

enumerator ALETHE_RULE 

External – Alethe

Place holder for Alethe rules.

\[\inferrule{P_1, \dots, P_n\mid \texttt{id}, Q, Q', A_1,\dots, A_m}{Q}\]

Note that the premises and arguments are arbitrary. It’s expected that \(\texttt{id}\) refer to a proof rule in the external Alethe calculus, and that \(Q'\) be the representation of Q to be printed by the Alethe printer.

enumerator ALF_RULE 

External – AletheLF

Place holder for AletheLF rules.

\[\inferrule{P_1, \dots, P_n\mid \texttt{id}, A_1,\dots, A_m}{Q}\]

Note that the premises and arguments are arbitrary. It’s expected that \(\texttt{id}\) refer to a proof rule in the external AletheLF calculus.

enumerator UNKNOWN 